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The ''Estado Novo'' ((:(ɨ)ʃˈtadu, -ðu ˈnovu), "New State"), or the Second Republic, was the corporatist authoritarian regime installed in Portugal in 1933, often considered to be a fascist regime.〔Jorge Pais de Sousa, ''O Fascismo Catedrático de Salazar, Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2012〕 It evolved from the ''Ditadura Nacional'' formed after the ''coup d'état'' of 28 May 1926 against the democratic and unstable First Republic. Together, the ''Ditadura Nacional'' and ''Estado Novo'' are recognised as the Second Portuguese Republic. The ''Estado Novo'', greatly inspired by conservative and authoritarian ideologies, was developed by António de Oliveira Salazar, ruler of Portugal from 1932 to 1968, when he fell ill and was replaced by Marcelo Caetano. Opposed to communism, socialism, anarchism, liberalism and anti-colonialism, the regime was corporatist, conservative, and nationalist in nature, defending Portugal as Catholic. Its policy envisaged the perpetuation of Portugal as a pluricontinental nation under the doctrine of lusotropicalism, with Angola, Mozambique, and other Portuguese territories as extensions of Portugal itself, and it being a supposed source of civilization and stability to the overseas societies in the African and Asian possessions. Under ''Estado Novo'' Portugal tried to perpetuate a vast, centuries-old empire with a total area of as other former colonial powers had largely already acceded to global calls for self-determination and independence.〔(Portugal Não É Um País Pequeno )〕 Portugal joined the United Nations (UN) in 1955, and was a founding member of NATO (1949), OECD (1961), and EFTA (1960). In 1968 Marcelo Caetano was appointed the new head of government. On 25 April 1974, the Carnation Revolution in Lisbon, a military ''coup'' organized by left-wing Portuguese military officers – the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) – overthrew the ''Estado Novo'' regime. Fiercely criticized by most of the international community after World War II and decolonization, it was one of the longest-surviving right-wing regimes in Europe. Although the ''Estado Novo'' is often criticised for its authoritarianism, the republic saw several notable social and economic improvements, especially in the era between 1960 and the 1974 revolution, as was happening across much of western Europe around that time. This included increases in public health and education levels. In a parallel to Francoist Spain, from the 1960s the government was largely technocratic in nature, with a fast-growing economy leading to increases in standards of living and quality of life. Salazar was voted "The Greatest Portuguese" in a 2007 public poll. However, a simultaneous opinion poll conducted by Marktest showed that, given the choice of the finalists, Salazar was the favourite of only 11%. RTP itself commissioned a simultaneous poll, conducted by Eurosondagem, which ranked Salazar 7th, with 6.6% of the vote, and Afonso I 1st with 21%. The difference of these statistically representative polls to the final result suggest that the voting, consisting of voluntary telephone calls, may have been skewed by groups with vested interests. ==Prelude== King Carlos I of Portugal confirmed colonial treaties of the 19th century that stabilized the situation in Portuguese Africa. These agreements were, however, unpopular in Portugal, where they were seen as being to the disadvantage of the country. In addition, Portugal was twice declared bankrupt—first on 14 June 1892 and again on 10 May 1902—causing industrial disturbances, socialist, and republican antagonism and press criticism of the monarchy. Carlos responded by appointing João Franco as Prime Minister and subsequently accepting Parliament's dissolution. In 1908, Carlos I was killed in a regicide at Lisbon. The Portuguese monarchy lasted until 1910 when, through the October 5 revolution, it was overthrown and Portugal was proclaimed a republic. The overthrow of the Portuguese monarchy in 1910 led to a 16-year struggle to sustain parliamentary democracy under republicanism – the Portuguese First Republic (1910–1926). The 28 May 1926 ''coup d'état'' or, during the period of ''Estado Novo'', the National Revolution ((ポルトガル語:Revolução Nacional)), was a military action that put an end to the chaotic Portuguese First Republic and initiated the ''Ditadura Nacional'' (National Dictatorship) (years later, renamed ''Estado Novo''). With fascist organizations being popular and widely supported across many countries (like Italian Fascism and Nazism) as an antagonist of communist ideologies, António de Oliveira Salazar developed the ''Estado Novo'' which can be described as a right leaning corporatist regime of para-fascist inspiration. The basis of his regime was a platform of stability, in direct contrast to the unstable environment of the First Republic. According to some Portuguese scholars like Jaime Nogueira Pinto〔(O Maior Português de Sempre – Oliveira Salazar (1ª Parte) ), Jaime Nogueira Pinto presents Salazar in O maior português de sempre (RTP)〕 and Rui Ramos,〔(História de Portugal. A luta de facções entre os salazaristas ) "Até os americanos já o tinham abandonado, temendo "recriar o caos que existia em Portugal antes de Salazar tomar o poder".", from História de Portugal (2009), Rui Ramos, Bernardo de Vasconcelos e Sousa, and Nuno Gonçalo Monteiro, Esfera dos Livros, cited in ionline.pt〕 his early reforms and policies changed the whole nation since they allowed political and financial stability and therefore social order and economic growth, after the politically unstable and financially chaotic years of the Portuguese First Republic (1910–1926). After the First Republic, when not even public order was achieved, this looked like an impressive breakthrough to most of the population; Salazar achieved his height in popularity at this point. This transfiguration of Portugal was then known as ''A Lição de Salazar'' – "Salazar's Lesson". Salazar's program was opposed to communism, socialism, and liberalism. It was pro-Catholic, conservative, and nationalistic. Its policy envisaged the perpetuation of Portugal as a pluricontinental empire, financially autonomous and politically independent from the dominating superpowers, and a source of civilization and stability to the overseas societies in the African and Asian possessions. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Estado Novo (Portugal)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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